Chapter 7 Study Guide

The Roman Empire

Early Empire

• Augustus Caesar as General, Primaporta, Italy, early 1st century AD

• Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, Italy, c.13-9 BC
• Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France, c. 16 BC
• Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), Rome, Italy, c. 70-80 AD

High Empire

• Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 AD
• Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 AD
• Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy, c. 175 AD

Late Empire

• Bust of Caracalla, c. 211-117 BC
• The Four Tetrarchs, Constantinople, c. 305 AD
• Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312-315 AD
• Colossal Head of Constantine, Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, c. 315-330 AD

1. Who were the two legendary founders of Rome?

2. Which two cultures most strongly influenced the art of the Roman Empire?

3. What technological advancement allowed the Romans to build in a more innovative manner and on a grander scale (without the necessity for internal or external support) than other ancient civilizations?

4. What is verism?

5. Augustus ‘found Rome a city of __________ and transformed it into a city of __________.’

Arch of Titus question

6. What event did the relief panels from inside the passageway of the Arch of Titus commemorate?

7. The Treasury of Atreus was the largest dome in the ancient world for over a thousand years. Which dome of Roman construction finally surpassed it?

8. Compare and contrast the Greek Parthenon with the Roman Pantheon. Consider the following: function, location of worship or ritual, materials used, building techniques, style, location.

9. Portraits of the Tetrarchs were very different from portraits of leaders from the Early and High Empire. Describe the differences and explain why this change occurred.

10. Which Roman emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Empire?

The Vesuvian Sites

Pompeii and Herculaneum

• Atrium, House of the Vetii, Pompeii, Italy, 2nd century BC
• Dionysiac Mystery Frieze, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, c. 60-50 BC

1. What catastrophic event allowed the preservation of the sites near the Bay of Naples, such as Pompeii and Herculaneum?

2. Describe each of the Four Styles of Roman painting (1-3 sentences for each style).

3. What is a still-life painting?

Chapter 6 Study Guide

Etruscan

Etruscan

• Apulu (Apollo of Veii), Portonaccio Temple, Veii, Italy, c. 510-500 BC
• Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, Banditaccia Necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, c. 520 BC
• Capitoline Wolf, Rome, Italy, c. 500-480 BC
• Chimera of Arezzo, Arezzo, Italy, first half of fourth century BC

1. Pedimental sculpture was rare in Etruscan art. Where on the temple did they tend to place their statuary instead?

2. Our knowledge of early Etruscan houses is primarily derived from _________.

3. What is the major difference between the necropoleis of Cerveteri and Tarquinia with regards to tomb decoration?

Chapter 5 Study Guide

Ancient Greece

Geometric

• Dipylon Krater, Dipylon Cemetery, Athens, Greece, c. 740 BC
• Herakles and Nessos, Olympia, Greece, c. 750-730 BC

Orientalizing

• Mantiklos Apollo, Thebes, Greece, c. 700-680 BC
• Lady of Auxerre, c. 650-625 BC

Archaic Period

• New York Kouros, Attica, Greece, c. 600 BC
• Anavysos Kouros, Anavysos, Greece, c. 530 BC
• Peplos Kore, Athens, Greece, c. 530 BC
• Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy, c. 550 BC
• Kleitias and Ergotimos, Francois Vase, Chiusi, Italy, c. 570 BC
• Exekias, Achilles and Ajax, Vulci, Italy, c. 540-530 BC
• Euphronios, Herakles Wrestling Antaios, Cerveteri, Italy, c. 510 BC
• Euthymides, Three Revelers, Vulci, Italy, c. 510 BC

Classical Period

• Kritios Boy, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, c. 480 BC
• Artemision God, Cape Artemision, Greece, c. 460-450 BC
• Myron, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower), c. 450 BC
• Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), c. 450-440 BC
• Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BC
• Caryatid Porch from the Erechthion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, c. 421-405 BC
• Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, c. 350-340 BC
• Lysippos, Apoxyomenos (Scraper), c. 330 BC
• Head of Alexander the Great, Pella, Greece, 3rd c. BC

Hellenistic Period

• Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, Pergamon, Turkey, c. 175 BC
• Nike of Samothrace, Samothrace, Greece, c. 190 BC
• Alexander of Antioch-on-the-Meander, Venus de Milo, Melos, Greece, c. 150-125 BC
• Polyeuktos, Demosthenes, c. 280 BC
• Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes, Laocoon and his Sons, Rome, Italy, early 1st c. BC

1. Why is it often difficult to determine whether early Greek figural sculptures represent humans or gods? (ex: Mantiklos Apollo, Lady of Auxerre)

2. Define the following:

A. Kouros

B. Kore

C. Contrapposto

3. What is the ‘Archaic Smile’ and what is a likely explanation for its consistent use?

4. Define the following architectural terms:

A. Cella/Naos

B. Stylobate

C. Peristyle

D. Pronaos

E. Pediment

F. Caryatid

5. Describe the features of the columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders.

6. In the pediment sculpture of the Temple of Artemis at Corfu, how did the sculptor represent Medusa running?

7. What were the Gigantomachy and the Centauromachy? What did they represent symbolically?

8. What advantages did the red-figure painting technique have over the older black-figure technique?

9. What is remarkable about the representation of the figures in Euthymides’s Three Revelers Amphora?

10. What sculpture embodies the Classical ideal of human beauty and perfection? Who was the sculptor and briefly describe his treatise entitled The Canon.

11. Why was the rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis necessary? How was it financed and under whose political leadership did the rebuilding take place?

12. What aspect of the Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles was unprecedented and shocking at the time? Why?

13. Explain the differences between High Classical and Late Classical sculpture by comparing Polykleitos’s Doryphoros with Lysippos’s Apoxyomenos.

14. Who was Alexander the Great and why is he so important in the study of Greek art?

15. How does the Nike of Samothrace embody the Hellenistic interest in capturing a sense of theatricality? How does the Nike depart from the ideas propounded in Polykleitos’s Canon?

Chapter 4 Study Guide

Prehistoric Aegean

Cycladic

• Keros Musician, Keros, Greece, c. 2600-2300 BC

Minoan

• Palace of Knossos, Knossos, Crete, Greece, c. 1700-1370 BC
• Bull-Leaping Fresco, Knossos, Crete, Greece, c. 1400-1370 BC
• Marine-Style Octopus Flask, Palaikastro, Crete, Greece, c. 1450 BC
• Snake Goddess, Knossos, Crete, Greece, c. 1600 BC

Mycenaean

• Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300-1250 BC
• Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300-1250 BC
• Funerary Mask (‘Death Mask of Agamenmon’), Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1600-1500 BC

1. Where did each of the three unique cultures of Prehistoric Greece flourish?

2. Which features of the Palace of Knossos likely gave rise to the legend of King Minos and the Minotaur?

3. In Minoan painting, how are men and women most easily distinguished?

4. Unlike the Egyptians, who painted in fresco secco, the Minoans painted their walls using a ‘true fresco’ method. Explain what this means and list one benefit and one drawback of true fresco.

5. What is particularly significant about the depiction of the human figure on the Harvesters Vase?

6. Explain Cyclopean Masonry. What does it mean and how did the term come about?

7. What is the largest sculpture from the Prehistoric Aegean?

Getty Villa Extra Credit

You may complete the extra credit at any point before the final, but I do recommend waiting until we've covered Pompeii and Herculaneum as you will get more out of your visit that way.

The Getty Villa in Malibu (NOT the Getty Center in Brentwood) is a recreation of an ancient Roman villa from Herculaneum named the Villa dei Papyri, and it houses the Getty's collection of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities. Admission to the Villa is free but you must go to the Getty's website to reserve a timed-entry ticket. Parking is $15. Keep in mind, the Villa is closed on Tuesdays.

After your visit, write a 1-2 page essay (MLA format) on your impressions. The subject of this essay is not strictly defined. You may discuss the Villa architecturally (think in terms of how it reflects conventional Roman villa architecture), you may discuss the replica sculptures and paintings and how seeing them in context compares with seeing them in a classroom or museum setting, you may choose a single piece of art that made a particularly strong impression on you and discuss it in detail, or you may discuss the collection as a whole.

If there is any other aspect of the Getty Villa you would like to write about after visiting it, please run the subject by me first and it should not be a problem.

Keep your parking receipt as proof that you visited or have a picture of yourself taken at the museum.

www.getty.edu

Essay 1 Questions

Choose ONE of the questions below and answer it in an essay that is at least 2 pages long (no longer than 3 pages). Use specific examples of works of art and architecture which we have looked at in class and that are relevant to your argument.

MLA style is preferred but not necessary. Use good judgment.
12 point font, double spaced.

1. Choose three rulers (from Mesopotamia and/or Egypt) and compare and contrast their official portraits. What do their portraits convey about the images they each wished to project of themselves and how are these images alike and different? (Consider form and function)

2. Describe the evolution of funerary practices in Ancient Egypt with regards to art and architecture. Use between 3 and 6 examples to illustrate change over time and analyse what they reflect about the culture in which they were made.

3. Art has its origins in magic. Give 2 - 5 examples of how art serves a magical purpose in Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, and/or Egyptian art. Consider how the form of a piece of art reflects its function and what the art tells us about the beliefs and culture of the people who created and commissioned them. (Think in terms of religious and funerary art)

(15 points)

Due: Wednesday, March 19

Chapter 3 Study Guide

Egyptian Art

Predynastic/Early Dynastic

• Palette of King Narmer, Hierakonpolis, Egypt, c. 3000-2920 BC
• Imhotep, Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt, c. 2630-2611 BC

Old Kingdom

• Great Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt, c. 2551-2472 BC
• Khafre Enthroned, Gizeh, Egypt, c. 2520-2494 BC

Middle Kingdom

• Fragmentary Head of Senusret III, c. 1860 BC

New Kingdom

• Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, c. 1473-1458 BC
• Senmut with Princess Nefrura, Thebes, Egypt, c. 1470-1460 BC
• Nebamun Hunting Fowl, Thebes, Egypt, c. 1400-1350 BC
• Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, c. 1290-1224 BC

Amarna

• Akhenaton, Karnak, Egypt, c. 1353-1335 BC.
• Thutmose, Nefertiti, Amarna, Egypt, c. 1353-1335 BC
• Family of Akhenaten, Amarna, Egypt, c. 1353-1335

Post-Amarna

• Death Mask of Tutankhamen, Thebes, Egypt, c. 1323 BC

1. What shift in Egyptian history does the Palette of King Narmer represent?

2. What is a mastaba?

3. The earliest recorded name of an artist was an Egyptian architect. What was his name and what great building was he responsible for?

4. What does the Great Sphinx at Gizeh represent?

5. What physical characteristics makes the sculpture of the Seated Scribe from Saqqara different from traditional sculptures of kings and officials? Why is it acceptable for him to be shown this way?

6. What are 3 differences between the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser and a Mesopotamian ziggurat? Consider form, function, and location

7. How did tomb construction change in the Middle Kingdom?

8. What was unusual about Hatshepsut and the way she had herself depicted?

9. Why are animals shown more naturalistically in Egyptian art than humans are?

10. How did artistic conventions change during the Amarna period?

11. Who discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamen and why was it such an important and famous discovery?

12. What does the absence of a ground line represent in the painting on the chest from the tomb of Tutankhamen?