Extra Credit Essay

Extra CreditChoose one to two works of art or architecture which we have examined in class and write an essay (no less than 2 pages, no longer than 3) about it/them. Give a detailed visual analysis of the piece and explain its relevance to art history. Consider what previous events or works of art influenced its creation and what later works it may have influenced. If you choose to write about two pieces, write about how they relate to one another and how they differ. Finally, explain why you have chosen this work (or works) and why you find it interesting.

Maximum 5 points extra credit

Essay Questions

Choose ONE of the questions below and answer it in an essay that is at least 2 pages long (no longer than 3 pages). Use specific examples of works of art and architecture which we have looked at in class and that are relevant to your argument.

1. Classical Athens had a strong influence on later generations. How is its influence felt in the art and architecture of the Roman Empire? Use 3-5 specific examples to support your argument. Consider which aspects of the examples you have chosen reflect Greek prototypes and which aspects make them distinctly Roman.

2. The Etruscans and the Early Christians both buried their dead in underground necropoleis. Compare and contrast the two cultures with regards to their burial practices. Consider tomb decorations and sarcophagi when choosing your (4-6) examples.

(15 points)

Due: Monday May 12

Chapter 9 Study Guide

Byzantine Art

Byzantine

• Barberini Ivory (Justinian as World Conqueror), mid-sixth century
• Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532-537
• Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and Attendants, San Vitale, Ravenna, c. 547
• Saint Apollinaris amid sheep, Sant’Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, c. 533-549
• Christ as Pantokrator (‘Ruler of All’), Church of the Dormition, Daphni, c. 1090-1100
• Vladamir Virgin (Virgin of Compassion icon), late 11th or early 12th century

1. What city functioned as the capital of the Byzantine Empire? What is its modern day name?

2. How does the dome of Hagia Sophia differ from the dome of the Roman Pantheon in construction and material?

3. What aspects of the relief panel of Saint Michael the Archangel reflect classical influences (list 2)? What characteristics make it distinctly Byzantine (list 2)?

4. Define iconoclasm.

5. What is the subject of the Lamentation? Name at least 3 of the 5 biblical characters (excluding Jesus) most commonly depicted in Lamentation scenes.

Chapter 8 Study Guide

Late Antiquity

Early Christian

• Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Rome, c. 359
• Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425
• Christ as Good Shepherd (mosaic), Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425
• The Parting of Abraham and Lot, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 432-440
• Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, c. 504
• Suicide of Judas and the Crucifixion, c. 420

1. How was Christ most often represented prior to Constantine, particularly during periods of persecution under emperors such as Trajan Decius and Diocletian?

2. Why were most early major churches built on the outskirts of the city of Rome?

3. List three attributes that representations of Christ acquired after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire

4. Why was large-scale sculpture rare in early Christian places of worship?

5. Define the following terms:

a. codex

b. parchment

c. illuminated manuscript

Chapter 7 Study Guide

The Roman Empire

Early Empire

• Augustus Caesar as General, Primaporta, Italy, early 1st century AD

• Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, Italy, c.13-9 BC
• Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France, c. 16 BC
• Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), Rome, Italy, c. 70-80 AD

High Empire

• Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 AD
• Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 AD
• Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy, c. 175 AD

Late Empire

• Bust of Caracalla, c. 211-117 BC
• The Four Tetrarchs, Constantinople, c. 305 AD
• Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312-315 AD
• Colossal Head of Constantine, Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, c. 315-330 AD

1. Who were the two legendary founders of Rome?

2. Which two cultures most strongly influenced the art of the Roman Empire?

3. What technological advancement allowed the Romans to build in a more innovative manner and on a grander scale (without the necessity for internal or external support) than other ancient civilizations?

4. What is verism?

5. Augustus ‘found Rome a city of __________ and transformed it into a city of __________.’

Arch of Titus question

6. What event did the relief panels from inside the passageway of the Arch of Titus commemorate?

7. The Treasury of Atreus was the largest dome in the ancient world for over a thousand years. Which dome of Roman construction finally surpassed it?

8. Compare and contrast the Greek Parthenon with the Roman Pantheon. Consider the following: function, location of worship or ritual, materials used, building techniques, style, location.

9. Portraits of the Tetrarchs were very different from portraits of leaders from the Early and High Empire. Describe the differences and explain why this change occurred.

10. Which Roman emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Empire?

The Vesuvian Sites

Pompeii and Herculaneum

• Atrium, House of the Vetii, Pompeii, Italy, 2nd century BC
• Dionysiac Mystery Frieze, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, c. 60-50 BC

1. What catastrophic event allowed the preservation of the sites near the Bay of Naples, such as Pompeii and Herculaneum?

2. Describe each of the Four Styles of Roman painting (1-3 sentences for each style).

3. What is a still-life painting?

Chapter 6 Study Guide

Etruscan

Etruscan

• Apulu (Apollo of Veii), Portonaccio Temple, Veii, Italy, c. 510-500 BC
• Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, Banditaccia Necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, c. 520 BC
• Capitoline Wolf, Rome, Italy, c. 500-480 BC
• Chimera of Arezzo, Arezzo, Italy, first half of fourth century BC

1. Pedimental sculpture was rare in Etruscan art. Where on the temple did they tend to place their statuary instead?

2. Our knowledge of early Etruscan houses is primarily derived from _________.

3. What is the major difference between the necropoleis of Cerveteri and Tarquinia with regards to tomb decoration?

Chapter 5 Study Guide

Ancient Greece

Geometric

• Dipylon Krater, Dipylon Cemetery, Athens, Greece, c. 740 BC
• Herakles and Nessos, Olympia, Greece, c. 750-730 BC

Orientalizing

• Mantiklos Apollo, Thebes, Greece, c. 700-680 BC
• Lady of Auxerre, c. 650-625 BC

Archaic Period

• New York Kouros, Attica, Greece, c. 600 BC
• Anavysos Kouros, Anavysos, Greece, c. 530 BC
• Peplos Kore, Athens, Greece, c. 530 BC
• Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy, c. 550 BC
• Kleitias and Ergotimos, Francois Vase, Chiusi, Italy, c. 570 BC
• Exekias, Achilles and Ajax, Vulci, Italy, c. 540-530 BC
• Euphronios, Herakles Wrestling Antaios, Cerveteri, Italy, c. 510 BC
• Euthymides, Three Revelers, Vulci, Italy, c. 510 BC

Classical Period

• Kritios Boy, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, c. 480 BC
• Artemision God, Cape Artemision, Greece, c. 460-450 BC
• Myron, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower), c. 450 BC
• Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), c. 450-440 BC
• Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BC
• Caryatid Porch from the Erechthion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, c. 421-405 BC
• Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, c. 350-340 BC
• Lysippos, Apoxyomenos (Scraper), c. 330 BC
• Head of Alexander the Great, Pella, Greece, 3rd c. BC

Hellenistic Period

• Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, Pergamon, Turkey, c. 175 BC
• Nike of Samothrace, Samothrace, Greece, c. 190 BC
• Alexander of Antioch-on-the-Meander, Venus de Milo, Melos, Greece, c. 150-125 BC
• Polyeuktos, Demosthenes, c. 280 BC
• Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes, Laocoon and his Sons, Rome, Italy, early 1st c. BC

1. Why is it often difficult to determine whether early Greek figural sculptures represent humans or gods? (ex: Mantiklos Apollo, Lady of Auxerre)

2. Define the following:

A. Kouros

B. Kore

C. Contrapposto

3. What is the ‘Archaic Smile’ and what is a likely explanation for its consistent use?

4. Define the following architectural terms:

A. Cella/Naos

B. Stylobate

C. Peristyle

D. Pronaos

E. Pediment

F. Caryatid

5. Describe the features of the columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders.

6. In the pediment sculpture of the Temple of Artemis at Corfu, how did the sculptor represent Medusa running?

7. What were the Gigantomachy and the Centauromachy? What did they represent symbolically?

8. What advantages did the red-figure painting technique have over the older black-figure technique?

9. What is remarkable about the representation of the figures in Euthymides’s Three Revelers Amphora?

10. What sculpture embodies the Classical ideal of human beauty and perfection? Who was the sculptor and briefly describe his treatise entitled The Canon.

11. Why was the rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis necessary? How was it financed and under whose political leadership did the rebuilding take place?

12. What aspect of the Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles was unprecedented and shocking at the time? Why?

13. Explain the differences between High Classical and Late Classical sculpture by comparing Polykleitos’s Doryphoros with Lysippos’s Apoxyomenos.

14. Who was Alexander the Great and why is he so important in the study of Greek art?

15. How does the Nike of Samothrace embody the Hellenistic interest in capturing a sense of theatricality? How does the Nike depart from the ideas propounded in Polykleitos’s Canon?